在《旧约·利未记》中阿撒泻勒共出现了四次。虽然很多学者都把阿撒泻勒视为一个恶魔形象,但这形象并未在圣经中明显表露出来。于是我选取其它一些犹太经典以表明其形象。(是的就是俺的渣翻阿撒泻勒又教人制作刀剑、匕首、盾牌并胸甲。在这之后,又教导他们关于手镯、饰品、装饰眼睛和美化眼睑、并最珍贵的宝石和各色染料的技艺。世界大变。有了许多不敬神和淫乱的事,因他们迷失了路,所行之处尽败落了。《以诺一书10:4-6》 在以诺书里,阿撒泻勒被视为一个恶魔(注意,“恶魔”和“撒旦”在以诺书中的含义并不能等同)的形象,他是Semyaza的下属,诱导人类堕落的凶手之一。在后面《以诺一书 10:4-6》中,描写了末世到来时,神对阿撒泻勒的惩罚。上帝对拉斐尔说,要捆绑他的手脚,扔进黑暗中。又要劈开杜达尔(Dudael)的荒野,把他丢在那里。又要用粗石和细石打他,用黑暗遮蔽他;使他永远居留在那里,遮盖他脸,使他不得见光明。在大审判日,要扔他到火里。《以诺一书 10:4-6》
天使毁坏的大地要恢复,且要预示这大地的新复兴,因我要恢复大地,免得人类的子孙,因看守者所教导他们子孙的一切秘密而灭亡。全地因阿撒泻勒所教导的事物而遭毁灭,你要把一切的罪归于他身上。《以诺一书 10:7-8》 Paul D. Hanson比较这一段和利末记16里的描述,我们可以看到许多相似之处。第一,在利未记16:21中记述要有人领着替罪羊前往旷野(或者说沙漠、荒野),而在以诺书中也记着要由拉斐尔捆着阿撒泻勒前往杜达尔的荒野。第二,两书中的描写都是关于罪恶的净化,利未记中的山羊承担了人的罪,驱逐它至荒野便可得洁净;以诺书中,上帝也把罪恶归于阿撒泻勒身上。因此,以诺书中的描写可能是一种和利未记有关的文字游戏。(关于Hanson的说法可以参考他的Rebellion in Heaven, Azazel, and Euhemeristic Heroes in 1 Enoch 6-11 )此外,“荒野”的意象在很多阿卡德文献中都有出现,据说恶魔离开阴间后便居住在荒野上。(这种说法可以参考Hayim Tawil的Azazei the Prince of the Steppe: A Comparative Study)顺带一提,关于以诺书提到的“劈开”,有学者认为是参考了《塔古姆·伪约拿单译本》的利未记。可见二者或有较深渊源。
我们大概可以推测出,以诺书中关于阿撒泻勒的描写一定程度上参考了利未记中的替罪山羊。但为什么山羊会被与阿撒泻勒对应起来呢?也许是因为在希伯来语中, ,有着“山羊”和“恶魔”的两重意思(我看到有人拿其它译本的翻译说事就暴怒,人家本来就是多义词),使以诺书的作者把山羊的形象与阿撒泻勒对应了起来,山羊即是阿撒泻勒本身,驱逐山羊是一种模仿上帝驱逐阿撒泻勒的模式,以求净化罪恶“使大地复兴”。
关于阿撒泻勒“转移罪恶”的特征似乎还有其它的记载。(算了,我懒得翻译了)Listen fellow, be ashamed of yourself and go. For you were not appointed to tempt all the righteous. Leave this man alone: you cannot beguile him for he is your enemy, and the enemy of those who follow you and dote on what you want. The garment that of old was set apart in the heavens for you, is now set apart for him; and the corruption that was his has been transferred to you. (Apocalypse of Abraham 13: 12-15) 这些记载表示阿撒泻勒是一个诱惑义人的恶魔,而且亚伯拉罕的corruption 被转移到他身上,这大概也是“替罪山羊”模式的某种变形。至于“诱惑”,书中还有更典型的描写,阿撒泻勒便是那条诱惑亚当和夏娃的蛇。然而我们知道在圣经中蛇即是撒旦,因此我们可以知道撒旦与阿撒泻勒形象在一些犹太文献中呈现出某种程度的“融合”。于是在某些方面建立起了山羊-阿撒泻勒-魔鬼(撒旦的平行模式。And I looked into the picture, and my eyes ran to the side of the garden of Eden. And I saw there a man, immensely tall, alarmingly solid, such as I had never seen before, who was embracing a woman that was the man's equal both in her appearance and her size. And they were standing under one of the trees in Eden; and the fruit on that tree looked like a bunch of dates. And behind the tree there stood what looked like a snake, with hands and feet hke a man's,and wings on its shoulders, three on its right and three on its left.And they held in their hands a bunch from the tree; and they were eating-the two I had seen embracing. And I said, Who are these who are embracing each other? Who is it who is between them?And what is the fruit they are eating, Mighty Eternal One? And he said, This is the human world: this is Adam, and this is their desire upon the earth: this is Eve. And what is between them is the wicked path they started on towards perdition, namely Azazil. (Apocalypse of Abraham 23:3-9) 无聊,暂时写了这么点。以上推断,前人有之,我不过是复读罢了。我想表达的是,关于恶魔与山羊的对应,实际上有更为久远的传统,网络流传的巴风特之说,实际上应该属于这些传统的多次创作后的结果。西方宗教不只是有基督教,宗教经典也不止是有圣经。
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